Subsurface voids pose significant concerns to geotechnical design. Accurately mapping these voids is essential for ensuring the soundness of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole logging, can be expensive and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground wave velocity analysis,
Geotechnical exploration methods are vital for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These structures can significantly affect the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and slope. A variety of in situ exploration methods are employed to detect cavities and voids. These include test pits, geophysical techniques such as electri
Geophysical exploration employs a crucial role in the identification and assessment of potential mineral deposits. By employing various physical methods, geologists can probe beneath the Earth's surface to detect subsurface structures and anomalies indicative of mineral concentration. These geophysical techniques often involve the measurement of p